List of Cardinals

(I - M)

JAWORSKI Marian

Cardinal Marian Jaworski, Archbishop of Lviv for Latins, Ukraine, was born on 21 August 1926 in Lwów, Poland, today Lviv, Ukraine. He was ordained on 25 June 1950 and, after a year of pastoral work, continued his studies, earning doctorates in theology at the Theological Academy of Kraków and in philosophy at the Catholic University of Lublin.

He taught for several years at the Catholic Theological Academy of Warsaw and later at the Pontifical Theological Faculty of Kraków. He also lectured in metaphysics and the philosophy of religion at the seminaries of various religious orders. From 1981 to 1987 he was the first rector of the Pontifical Theological Academy of Kraków.

On 21 May 1984 he was appointed titular Bishop of Lambaesis and Apostolic Administrator of Lubaczów, receiving episcopal ordination on 23 June. On 16 January 1991 he was promoted to Archbishop of Lviv for Latins and since 1992 has been President of the Ukrainian Episcopal Conference.

Created Cardinal and reserved "in pectore" by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 1998; proclaimed in the consistory of 21 February 2001. Titular church St. Sixtus.

Curial membership:

* Clergy (congregation)

* Family (council)

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KASPER Walter

Cardinal Walter Kasper, President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, was born on 5 March 1933 in Heidenheim/Brenz, Germany. He was ordained for the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart on 6 April 1957 and holds a doctorate in theology from the Theological Faculty of Tübingen.

For three years he was an assistant to Leo Scheffczyk and Hans Küng before receiving his "habilitation" with a thesis on the philosophy and theology of history in Schilling's later philosophy. He taught dogmatic theology and was dean of the theological faculty in Münster and later in Tübingen.

He was appointed Bishop of Rottenburg-Stuttgart on 17 April 1989 and received episcopal consecration on 17 June. In 1994 he was named co-chair of the International Commission for Lutheran/Catholic Dialogue. On 1 June 1999 he was appointed Secretary of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.

On 3 March 2001 he was named President of the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 2001. Diaconate of All Saints in Via Appia Nuova.

Curial membership:

* Doctrine of the Faith, Oriental Churches (congregations)

* Culture, Legislative Texts (councils)

* Apostolic Signatura (tribunal)

* X Ordinary Council of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops

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KEELER William Henry

Cardinal William Henry Keeler was appointed Archbishop of Baltimore , United States of America, by Pope John Paul II on 6 April 1989, and was formally installed as 14th Ordinary of the nation's oldest see on 23 May in ceremonies at the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen. Prior to his assignment in Baltimore, he was Bishop of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, from 1983-1989 and had served in the Harrisburg Diocese since 1956.

An influential participant in national and international issues involving the Church Archbishop Keeler was elected President of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) in November 1992 until 1995. He had been elected as the organization's Vice-President in November of 1989, when he hosted Baltimore's bicentennial celebration of the founding of America's first Roman Catholic Diocese.

As part of his work with the NCCB, Archbishop Keeler has developed a reputation for effectively building interfaith bonds. He is particularly noted for his work in furthering an effective Catholic-Jewish dialogue and served for a time as moderator of religious relationships with Jewish faith. As chairman of the NCCB's Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs from 1984 to November 1987, he helped arrange the Pope's meetings with Jewish leaders in Miami and with Protestant leaders in Columbia, S.C., during the 1987 Papal Visit. After being elected President of the national organization, Archbishop Keeler said his top two priorities for the organization would be helping to energize the Church's efforts in evangelization and in education. The Archbishop was appointed to the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in the Fall of 1994.

In addition to promoting the value of Catholic education, one of Archbishop Keeler's priorities as leader of the oldest Catholic See in the United States has been to voice the need for moral instruction as part of the education process of all students. He also has been a vigilant leader of the pro-life movement and an outspoken advocate for expanded evangelization throughout the parish community. Upon arriving in Baltimore, Archbishop Keeler quickly began bolstering the historic Archdiocese's educational and social outreaches and pastoral programs for the Church. Housing opportunities have been expanded for many of central and western Maryland's homeless; tuition assistance has been increased for families; parishes have received assistance for hiring youth ministers; access ramps and lifts were installed at many Churches; and assistance has expanded for teenage mothers and their children in the Villa Louise program.

William Henry Keeler was born on 4 March 1931, in San Antonio, Texas, the son of Thomas L. Keeler and Margaret T. (Conway) Keeler. He was raised in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, where he attended St Mary School and Lebanon Catholic High School. He received a B.A. from St Charles Seminary in Overbrook, Philadelphia, in 1952 and a Licentiate in Sacred Theology from Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, in 1956.

Ordained a priest on 17 July 1955, in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rome, by Archbishop (and future Cardinal) Luigi Traglia, the young cleric became assistant pastor at Our Lady of Good Counsel Church, Marysville, and secretary of the diocesan Tribunal (1956-58). He was then assigned to study Canon Law at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. In 1961, he received his doctorate in Canon Law and was reappointed by Bishop George L. Leech as assistant pastor of Our Lady of Good Counsel Church and defender of the bond of the diocesan Tribunal. In 1964, he was named pastor of the Marysville parish.

As secretary to Bishop Leech during the Second Vatican Council meetings in Rome (1962-1965) he was appointed peritus or 'special advisor' to the Council by Pope John XXIII. During the Council, he also served on the staff of the Council Digest, a daily communication service sponsored by the United States Bishops.

At the close of the Council in 1965, he was named Papal Chamberlain, with the title of Monsignor, by Pope Paul VI. In 1970, he was named Prelate of Honor by Pope Paul VI.

In 1965 he was appointed to serve as Vice Chancellor of the Harrisburg Diocese and, in time, Chancellor (1969) and later Vicar General. He held the latter position when he was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Harrisburg and Titular Bishop of Ulcinium (Dulcigno) by Pope John Paul II on 24 July 1979. His episcopal ordination occurred on 21 September 1979, at St Patrick Cathedral, Harrisburg.

On 3 September 1983, he was elected Administrator of the Diocese of Harrisburg by the College of Consultors. Pope John Paul II appointed him Bishop of Harrisburg on 10 November, 1983, and he was installed as Bishop on 4 January 1984, by His Eminence, Cardinal John Krol, Archbishop of Philadelphia.

On 1 September 1989 he was appointed to the Board of Trustees for the Catholic University (four year term); on 1 March 1993: he was appointed to the Advisory Panel for the Father Michael McGivney Fund for New Initiatives in Catholic Education (one year term).

Honorary degrees: Lebanon Valley College, Mt. St Mary's, Gettysburg College, Susquehanna University, Gannon University, Erie, Pennsylvania, 1993.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 26 November 1994. Titular church, St. Mary of the Angels.

Curial memberships:

Oriental Churches (congregation)

* Christian Unity (council)

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KITBUNCHU Michael Michai

Cardinal Michael Mitchai Kitbunchu, Archbishop of Bangkok (Thailand), was born on 25 January 1929 in Samphran, in the then Apostolic Vicariate of Bangkok, which has now become an archdiocese. He studied at the minor seminary of Siracha, in Thailand, and then in Rome at the Pontifical Urban College of "Propaganda Fide", earning a licentiate in philosophy and sacred theology. He was ordained a priest on 20 December 1959 by Cardinal Agagianian, then prefect of the dicastery Propaganda Fide.

When he returned to his country he served as assistant pastor and then pastor at Bangham, and a few years after, he was given the important parish of Calvary in the capital city. As archdiocesan consultor, he became rector of the metropolitan seminary of Bangkok in 1965 until December 1972 when Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Bangkok succeeding Archbishop Joseph Kiamsun Nittayo. He was ordained on 3 June 1973.

A master of several languages, besides Thai and Latin he speaks English, Italian, French and Chinese. He is a tireless pastor and administrator, having established major new institutions in the local Church, as well as inspiring vocations in the Archdiocese of Bangkok evidenced by the increase in the number of seminarians in the major and minor seminaries as well as in religious life.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 2 February 1983. Titular church, St. Laurence in Panisperna.

Cardinal Kitbunchu was the first member of the Sacred College of Cardinals from Thailand, formerly the ancient kingdom of Siam. The first evangelization took place there three centuries ago, and the number of Catholics still remains small and strictly of Thai origin, but the position of the Catholic Church in the country is quite high and the relations with the majority of Buddhists excellent.

President of the Bishops' Conference of Thailand, since May 2000

Curial membership:

Divine Worship and Sacraments, Evangelization of Peoples (congregations)

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KOREC Ján Chryzostom, S.I.

LAW Bernard Francis

Cardinal Bernard Francis Law, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica of St. Mary Major in Rome, Archbishop emeritus of Boston (USA), was born on 4 November 1931 in Torreón, Mexico, son of a U.S. Air Force colonel. He finished his studies at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts; entered St. Joseph's Seminary at St. Benedict, Los Angeles and from 1955 to 1961, studied at the Pontifical Josephinum College at Worthington, Ohio.

He was ordained a priest for the diocese of Natchez-Jackson (now Jackson) on 21 May 1961. From 1963-1968 he was the editor of the Natchez-Jackson, Miss. diocesan newspaper; from 1968-1971 he was the director of the NCCB committee on ecumenical and interreligious affairs.

On 22 October 1973 he was appointed Bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau in Montana and received episcopal ordination on 5 December 1973.

In 1975 he invited to his diocese all 166 members of the Vietnamese religious order, the Congregation of Mary Coredemptrix, and two years later ordained to the priesthood twelve members of this religious institute.

Succeeding Cardinal Humberto Medeiros, he was appointed by John Paul II on 11 January 1984 Archbishop of Boston, the third largest ecclesiastical see in the U.S. He set out as objectives for the pastoral administration of the archdiocese: personal spiritual renewal of the faith, evangelization, social justice and peace, catechesis of the Catholic faith, and vocations. His first pastoral letter emphasized the need to strengthen parish life, at the heart of which is the liturgy.

The cardinal of Boston has often been the spokesman for Catholics in the United States on behalf of Christian unity and the progress of Catholic-Jewish relations. His vast experience acquired in this area has been put at the disposition of the universal Church as consultor to the commission for the religious relations with Judaism (1976-1981) and as member of the Secretariat for Christian Unity. In 1981 he was appointed Vatican delegate to oversee the acceptance of Episcopalian converts into the Catholic priesthood.

He has also held several posts within the U.S. National Catholic Conference of Bishops.

Archibishop emeritus of Boston, 13 December 2002.

Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica of St. Mary Major in Rome, 27 May 2004.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the Consistory of 25 May 1985, of the Title of St. Susanna.

Curial membership:

Oriental Churches, Clergy, Divine Worship and Sacraments, Evangelization of Peoples, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Catholic Education, Bishops (congregations)

Culture, Family (council)

* Council of Cardinals for Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See

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LEHMANN Karl

Cardinal Karl Lehmann, Bishop of Mainz, Germany, was born on 16 May 1936 in Sigmaringen, Germany. He was ordained for the Archdiocese of Freiburg im Breisgau on 10 October 1963 and holds doctorates in philosophy and theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

He was an assistant to Fr Karl Rahner at the University of Münster. After earning his "habilitation", he taught dogmatic theology at the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz. He was a member of the Central Committee of German Catholics and the Jaeger-Stählin Ecumenical Circle. He later taught at the Albert Ludwig University, Freiburg im Breisgau, and was a member of the International Theological Commission. He also edited the official publication of the documents of the Joint Synod of the Dioceses in the Federal Republic of Germany (Synod of Würzburg, 1971-75).

On 21 June 1983 he was appointed Bishop of Mainz and received episcopal ordination on 2 October.

Since 1987 he is President of the German Bishops' Conference.

In 1991 he was Special Secretary of the First Special Assembly for Europe of the Synod of Bishops.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 2001. Titular church St. Leo I.

Curial membership:

* Oriental Churches, Bishops (congregations)

* Christian Unity (council)

* Patrimony of the Holy See (office)

* Special Council for Europe of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops

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LÓPEZ RODRÍGUEZ Nicolás de Jesús

Cardinal Nicolás de Jesús López Rodríguez, Archbishop of Santo Domingo , Military Ordinary for the Dominican Republic , was born on 31 October 1936 in Barranca, diocese of La Vega in the Dominican Republic.

Since he was young, his interest in philosophy and theology led him to obtain a baccalaureate in Sacred Theology at the Pontifical Seminary St. Thomas of Aquinas in Santo Domingo.

He was ordained a priest by Bishop Francisco Panal Ramírez on 18 March 1961 in La Vega. While deeply involved in his pastoral work, he managed to keep his love for the study of sacred texts. He therefore obtained advanced degrees in pastoral sociology from the International Center for Sociological Formation of Clerics and in social science from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas (the Angelicum).

Returning to the Dominican Republic, he was named Vicar Coadjutor of the Cathedral in La Vega. Thereafter, in the following years, he attended canon law courses at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.

He served in various diocesan offices upon his return to his home diocese of La Vega. In 1970, he became Pro-Vicar General and successively Vicar General, still demonstrating his zeal and dedication. As such, he was given the pastoral care of the diocese of San Francisco de Macorís when it was erected on 16 January 1978 and was ordained Bishop on 25 February 1978.

In 1979-1981 he was a delegate to the Dominican Bishops' Conference. Even within the Dominican Bishops’ Conference he held various positions: President of the Bishops' Justice and Peace Commission, member of the Permanent Commission of the Bishops' Conference, National Chaplain to the Christian Renewal of the Holy Spirit.

From December 1979 to May 1984 he was rector of the Nordestana di San Francisco de Macorís University. Meanwhile, on 15 November 1981, he was promoted to the see of Santo Domingo and took possession of the archdiocese on 16 November 1981. As Archbishop, he brought a new and untiring pastoral dedication. From 1984 until December 2002 he acted as president of the Dominican Bishops’ Conference.

In 1982, having founded the University Catholic Foundation supported by the Catholic University of Santo Domingo, he became Grand Chancellor.

His hard work within the Episcopal Council of Latin America has been constant and always of much responsibility. After having taken part in the Bishops' Commission of the Catechesis Department of CELAM, he worked first as responsible for the secretariat for the military ministry in Latin America, then as vice-president, elected in the ordinary assembly in Ypacarai in March 1987 and finally as president, elected during the XXIII ordinary assembly held in Argentina in San Miguel on 25 April 1991 (until 1995). He has also been active in various meetings of the Synod of Bishops.

He has received many awards. The most significative: the decoration of the Grand Cross of Isabella the Catholic, given on 7 July 1989 by His Majesty King John Carlos I of Spain and "honoris causa" degrees from the University of Santo Domingo and from the University of Creighton, Omaha, Nebraska.

As President of the Permanent Dominican Commission, he has also contributed to the preparation and execution of the celebrations held on the V Centennial of the Evangelization of Latin America.

Created and proclaimed cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 28 June 1991. Titular church St. Pius X (alla Balduina).

Curial membership:

Clergy, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life (congregations)

Social Communications (council)

* Latin America (commission)

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LÓPEZ TRUJILLO Alfonso

Cardinal Alfonso López Trujillo, President of the Pontifical Council for the Family, Archbishop emeritus of Medellín (Colombia) , was born on 8 November 1935 in Villahermosa, diocese of Ibagué (now the diocese of Líbano-Honda), Colombia.

Having moved to Bogotá when he was a young boy, he was already a university student when he attended the local archdiocesan major seminary. He continued his studies in Rome and obtained his doctorate in philosophy from the Angelicum, also taking also courses in theology and sociology and and also studying Marxism. After his ordination as priest on 13 November 1960, he continued his studies in Rome for another two years. He returned to Bogotá and taught philosophy for four years at the local major seminary. In 1968, he was pastoral coordinator and was in charge of a special course on the encyclical Popularum progressio of Paul VI that was to be given in all the principal centers in Colombia. That same year was an expert at the second general conference of Latin American Bishops held in Medellín. After the Eucharistic Congress he organized the new pastoral department of the archdiocese of Bogotá and from 1970-1972 he was Vicar General of the archdiocese. On 25 February 1971 he was appointed by Paul VI titular archbishop of Boseta and Auxiliary of Bogotá and was ordained on 25 March 1971.

He then left the office of Auxiliary to dedicate himself to the General Secretariat of CELAM (Latin American Episcopal Conference) of which he was elected general secretary on 22 November 1972 and then reconfirmed on 1 November 1974. Always by Paul VI on 22 May 1978 he was nominated Coadjutor Archbishop of Medellín, becoming Archbishop on 2 June 1979. As general secretary of CELAM he worked intensely in preparing and the carrying out the third general conference of the Latin American Bishops held in Puebla at the beginning of 1979 and in which John Paul II also participated.

Thereafter, he was elected president of CELAM until 1984. He participated in numerous assemblies of the Synod of Bishops held in the Vatican.

He was president of the Colombian Bishops’ Conference.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 2 February 1983. Titular church, S. Prisca. Promoted to the order of cardinal bishops on 17 November 2001 , suburbicarian see of Frascati.

Nominated president of the Pontifical Council for the Family on 8 November 1990 and since 9 January 1991 he is Archbishop emeritus of Medellín.

Curial membership:

Doctrine of the Faith, Causes of Saints, Bishops, Evangelization of Peoples (congregations)

* Latin America (commission)

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LOURDUSAMY D. Simon

LOZANO BARRAGÁN Javier

Cardinal Javier Lozano Barragán, President of the Pontifical Council for Health Pastoral Care, was born on 26 January 1933 in Toluca, Mexico. He was ordained a priest on 30 October 1955 and holds a doctorate in dogmatic theology.

Cardinal Lozano Barragán taught dogmatic theology and the history of philosophy at the Diocesan Seminary of Zamora. He was President of the Mexican Theological Society and Director of the Theological Pastoral Institute of CELAM. On 15 August 1979 he was ordained titular Bishop of Thinisa in Numidia. From 1979-84 he carried out his episcopal service in the Archdiocese of Mexico. From 1985-97 he served as Bishop of the Diocese of Zacatecas. In CELAM, he served as President of the Department for Education and of the Economy Department.

Since 1997 he has been President of the Pontifical Council for Health Pastoral Care.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 October 2003. Diaconate of St. Michael the Archangel.

Curial membership:

* Bishops, Evangelization of Peoples (congregations)

* Culture (council)

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LUSTIGER Jean-Marie

Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, Archbishop emeritus of Paris (France), was born in the French capital on 17 September 1926 of parents who were Polish Jews and had emigrated to France at the beginning of the century. During the Nazi occupation his parents were deported and his mother died in the concentration camp of Auschwitz in 1943. The young Jean-Marie was spared because he was taken in by a family in Orléans. Through contact with them he was converted to Catholicism and was baptized on 25 August 1940 in the chapel of the bishop’s residence where twenty years later he would be the pastor.

He studied at the Montaigne Lyceum in Paris, then in Orléans, and later at the Sorbonne. In the years of university studies, he was an active member of the Young Christian Students. After working for a year as a mechanic in Decazenville in the southwest of France, he entered the Carmelite Seminary in Paris. He earned a degree from the Catholic Institute in theology and a licentiate in letters and in philosophy from the Sorbonne. He was ordained a priest on 17 April 1954.

As chaplain of students, he gave assistance in spiritual renewal at Richelieu Center. He was often a tour guide for pilgrims and student groups to Rome, Chartres, and the Holy Land.

In 1969, he was called to direct the Parish of St. Jeanne de Chantal, in which his dynamism and pastoral activity was put at the service of young and old. He sermons were much sought, some of which were collected into a volume.

On 10 November 1979, John Paul II appointed him Bishop of Orléans. Episcopal ordination was conferred on 18 December by Cardinal Marty in the presence of the Apostolic Nuncio, Mons. Angelo Felici and 17 Bishops.

On 2 February 1981 he succeeded Cardinal Marty in the Archdiocese of Paris. He also served as Ordinary for Eastern-Rite faithful in France without ordinaries of their own.

In the archdiocese, he has always dedicated himself to pastoral work, which he has always carried out with relentless activity. During this time, he has given numerous homilies and conferences in France and abroad.

Staunch defender of human rights, upon his announcement of being named Cardinal, he said that he considers this dignity more as a responsibility than an honour, in so far as "it concerns carrying even more the burden of the whole Church".

President Delegate to the 1st Special Assembly for Europe of the Synod of Bishops (1991).

Archbishop emeritus of Paris, 11 February 2005.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 2 February 1983. Titular church St. Louis of France

Curial membership:

Secretariat of State (second section)

Oriental Churches, Bishops, Clergy, Institutes of Consecrated life and Societies of Apostolic Life (congregations)

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MACHARSKI Franciszek

Cardinal Franciszek Macharski, Archbishop of Kraków (Poland) since 29 December 1978 - becoming the successor of Karol Wojty?a to the chair of St. Stanislaus - was born on 20 May 1927 in the city of Krakow. During the war, under German occupation, he was a labourer. Following the liberation in 1945, he entered the metropolitan major seminary of Kraków. At the same time he studied theology at the Jagiellonian University. After finishing his studies in theology and philosophy, he was ordained a priest on 2 April 1950 by the then Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Sapieha.

For six years, the young priest served as vicar in the parish of Kozy, near Bielsko-Bia?a. In 1956 he transferred to Switzerland, Fribourg, to continue his theological studies at the local Catholic University where in 1960 he received a doctorate in pastoral theology. Returning to Krakow, he was named spiritual director of the metropolitan seminary and dedicated himself to teaching pastoral theology at the Pontifical Faculty of Theology at Kraków. Ten years later, in 1970, he was nominated rector of the same seminary, which is one of the most frequented and important major seminaries in Poland. In 1977 he was nominated canon of the metropolitan chapter of the cathedral of Wawel by the then Archbishop of Kraków, Cardinal Karol Wojty?a. Cardinal Macharski has also been at the Pope’s side during such trips abroad to Canada, USA, France, Germany and Italy.

John Paul II nominated him Archbishop of Kraków on 29 December 1978. He personally conferred episcopal ordination on 6 January 1979 in St. Peter’s Basilica in the presence of many Cardinals, Bishops and a multitude of pilgrims, many of whom came from Kraków for the occasion.

Cardinal Macharski is noted as a man of culture, scholar and writer. He has dedicated particular care to promoting priestly and religious vocations and to the theological-spiritual formation of future priests. Within the Polish episcopate, even prior to his nomination as archbishop, he contributed his thought and experience by participating in the various commissions. During the plenary assembly of the Polish bishops held in Warsaw 6-8 February 1979, he was made president of the commission of lay ministry; the same commission of which the Holy Father, the then Archbishop of Kraków was president from 1966 to 1978, while Macharski was secretary.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 30 June 1979. Titular church, St. John at the Latin Gate.

President Delegate of the Second Special Assembly for Europe of the Synod of Bishops (1-23 October 1999).

Curial membership:

Secretariat of State (second section)

* Bishops, Clergy, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Catholic Education, Evangelization of Peoples (congregations)

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MAHONY Roger Michael

Cardinal Roger Michael Mahony, Archbishop of Los Angeles (USA), was born on 27 February 1936 in Hollywood, archdiocese of Los Angeles. He did his schooling at the St. Charles Grammar School, north of Hollywood, under the pastoral care of the late Msgr. Harry Meade.

In 1950 he entered Los Angeles College, the archdiocesan preparatory seminary of Los Angeles. Thereafter, in 1954, he was one of the first students to attend Our Lady Queen of the Angels Seminary at Mission Hills. After having finished his studies at St. John’s Seminary in Camarillo, he attended St. John’s Theologate.

He was ordained a priest by Bishop Aloysius J. Willinger, C.Ss.R. on 1 May 1962. A few days later, he was assigned to the Cathedral of St. John of Fresno. The following autumn, Bishop Willinger asked him to perfect his studies at the National Catholic School of Social Services at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Shortly after his return to California in 1964, he was nominated diocesan director of the Catholic Charities and Social Service, a position that he held for 6 years. In 1964 he also became administrator, and thereafter parish priest, of the Parish of St. Genevieve in Fresno.

Among his many positions, he was Executive Director of the Catholic Welfare Bureau and the Infant of Prague Adoption Service, and Chaplain of the diocesan society of St. Vincent de Paul. During this period he also found the time to teach at the State University of Fresno and at Coalinga College. Deeply interested in the Spanish population, Father Mahony was a member of the West Coast Regional Office of the Bishops’ Committee for the Spanish Speaking.

He also was involved in civil problems: he was member of the Fresno Provincial Committee for Economic Opportunities, Committee of Alcoholics’ Rehabilitation, United Crusade, Community Workshop, Urban Coalition and Redevelopment Agency of Fresno.

In recognition of such work, in 1967 he received an award from the Youth Chamber of Commerce. In the same year, he was nominated Chaplain to His Holiness, John Paul II with the title of "Reverend Monsignor".

In 1970, shortly after the transfer of Bishop Hugh A. Donohue to Fresno, he was nominated diocesan chancellor, and on 7 January 1975 he was named titular Bishop of Tamascani and Auxiliary Bishop of Fresno. He received episcopal ordination on 19 March 1975.

In 1973 he became rector of St. John’s Cathedral. On 15 February 1980 he was transferred to Stockton as diocesan bishop, and there he was responsible for the pastoral care of a diocese of more than 10,000 square miles and of 6 districts. He was promoted to the see of Los Angeles on 16 July 1985. Immediately thereafter he began a complete reorganization of the archdiocese’s 3 districts.

Archbishop Mahony participated actively in many committees within National Conference of Catholic Bishops and the United States Catholic Conference. He also served as chairman of the Committee on Conciliation and Arbitration, Commission on Farm Labor, Committee on the Social Development and World Peace, ad hoc Committee on the HIV/AIDS statement, and ad hoc Committee on the Middle East statement.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 28 June 1991. Titular church, SS. Quattro Coronati.

President-Delegate, Special Assembly for America of the Synod of Bishops (Nov.-Dec. 1997).

Curial membership:

Social Communications (council)

Economic Affairs of the Holy See (office)

* Council of Cardinals for Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See

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MAIDA Adam Joseph

Cardinal Adam Joseph Maida, Archbishop of Detroit, was born on 18 March 1930 in East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania. He was the first of three sons born to Adam Maida and Sophia Cieslak Maida.

Archbishop Maida's father, now deceased, came to the United States from a rural area near Warsaw, Poland. His mother was born in the United States.

Archbishop Maida attended East Vandergrift public schools and Scott Township High School for two years. He completed high school and graduated from St Mary's High School, Orchard Lake, Michigan, in 1948. Following graduation he entered St Mary's College, Orchard Lake. In 1950, he transferred to St Vincent's College, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1952 with a B.A. in philosophy. In 1956, he graduated with a licentiate in sacred theology (S.T.L.) from St Mary's University, Baltimore, Maryland.

In 1960, he received a licentiate in canon law (J.C.L.) from the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. In 1964, he was awarded a doctorate in civil law (J.D) from the Duquesne University School of Law, Pittsburgh. Archbishop Maida was admitted to practice law before the Bar of the State of Pennsylvania and before the United States Supreme Court.

On 26 May 1956, he was ordained a priest in St Paul Cathedral, Pittsburgh, by the late Bishop John Dearden (Cardinal Archbishop of Detroit). Following his ordination, Archbishop Maida served in the diocese of Pittsburgh as an associate pastor, vice-chancellor and general counsellor of the diocese, in the diocesan tribunal, and as assistant professor of theology at La Roche College.

On 25 January 1984, he was ordained and installed as the ninth bishop of the diocese of Green Bay, Wisconsin.

On 28 April 1990, Pope John Paul II named Bishop Maida Archbishop of Detroit and he was installed on 12 June 1990.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 26 November 1994. Titular church, Sts. Vitalis, Valeris, Gervase and Protase.

Cardinal Maida has also served as chairman of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (NCCB) Canonical Affairs Committee (1992); member of the NCCB Bishops' and President's Committee; member of the NCCB Economic Concerns of the Holy See; member of the NCCB Migration and Refugee Services; member of the NCCB Nominations of Conference Officers; member of the NCCB Pro-Life Committee; member of the NCCB Committe of the Polish Apostolate; member of the United States Catholic Conferences (USCC) Ex Corde Ecclesiae Committee; member of the Board of Trustees of the Catholic University of America; member of Board of Trustees of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D.C.; member of the Board of Directors of the Pope John XXIII Medical-Moral Research and Education Centre, Braintree, Massachusetts; Chairman of the Michigan Catholic Conference (MCC) Board of Trustees; member of the John Paul II Cultural Foundation, Rome; episcopal moderator and President of the John Paul II Cultural Foundation, United States.

He was Editor of the Tribunal Reporter - A Casebook and Commentary on the Grounds for Annulment in the Catholic Church, Vol. 1 (1970); of the Issues in the Labor-Management Dialogue: Church Perspectives (1982); and Author of the Ownership, Control and Sponsorship of Catholic Institutions (1975); and the Church Property, Church Finances and Church-Related Corporations, a Canon Law Handbook (1983).

Curial membership:

Clergy, Catholic Education (congregations)

* Migrants and Itinerant Peoples (council)

* Institute for Religion Works (commission)

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MARCHISANO Francesco

Cardinal Francesco Marchisano, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Vatican Basilica, President of the Labor Office of the Apostolic See, Vicar General emeritus of His Holiness for Vatican City State, President emeritus of the Fabric of St Peter, President emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archeology and President emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, was born on 25 June 1929 in Racconigi, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 29 June 1952 and holds a licentiate in Sacred Scripture and a degree in theology.

Cardinal Marchisano has served in the Roman Curia as Undersecretary of the Congregation for Catholic Education (1969-1988). On 6 October 1988 he was appointed titular Bishop of Populonia and Secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the conservation of the artistic and historical patrimony of the Church (now known as Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church), and was raised to the dignity of Archbishop in 1994. John Paul II ordained him a Bishop of the Vatican Basilica on 6 January 1989. He became President of the the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church in 2003 and of the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology in 1991. He has also served as member of Roman Pontifical Academy of Archaeology.

On 24 April 2002 he was nominated Archpriest of the Patriarchal Vatican Basilica, Vicar General of His Holiness for Vatican City State and President of the Fabric of St Peter.

On 13 October 2003, President emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church.

On 28 August 2004, President emeritus of the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archeology.

On 5 February 2005, he was nominated President of the Labor Office of the Apostolic See (U.L.S.A.) and, on the same date. Vicar General emeritus of His Holiness for Vatican City State, President emeritus of the Fabric of St. Peter.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the Consistory of 21 October 2003, of the Deaconry of St. Lucy of Gonfalone.

Curial membership:

* Catholic Education (congregation)

* Culture (council)

* Cultural Heritage (commission)

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MARTÍNEZ SOMALO Eduardo

Cardinal Eduardo Martínez Somalo, Prefect emeritus of the Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life and Camerlengo (Chamberlain) of the Holy Roman Church , has been one of the closest and immediate collaborators of the Holy Father in his ministry as Supreme Pastor of the Universal Church.

He was born on 31 March 1927, in a small town of Baños de Rio Tobia, province of Rioja and diocese of Calahorra y La Calzada-Logrono. After having attended the diocesan seminary, he was invited to Rome to continue his ecclesiastical studies at the Pontifical Spanish College and at the Pontifical Gregorian University, obtaining a licentiate in theology and in canon law.

Ordained a priest on 19 March 1950, he carried out his pastoral ministry in his native diocese. He was then sent to Rome, once again, to attend courses at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and to prepare himself to serve as pontifical representative of the Holy See. Receiving on 18 August 1956 a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University with a thesis on the Spanish concordat of 1953 in the light of its first two articles, he entered the Secretariat of State.

The following year he was promoted to secretary of the nunciature and nominated professor at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Being responsible for the Spanish section of the Secretariat of State, he accompanied Pope Montini to Colombia from 22-25 August 1968 on the occasion of the 39th Eucharistic International Congress.

Two years later, 25 April 1970, he was nominated counsellor of the apostolic delegation to Great Britain. But his distance from Rome lasted only a few months. On 14 May 1970 he was nominated Prelate of Honour of the His Holiness, on 9 October that same year he was recalled to the Vatican as Assessor of the Secretariat of State and therefore direct collaborator of the then substitute of the Secretariat of State, Archbishop Giovanni Benelli. During this entire period Mons. Martínez Somalo, even with his commitments, carried out an intense pastoral ministry, dedicating himself in a particular way to the world of the suffering.

On 12 November 1975, Paul VI elected him titular Archbishop of Tagora, at the same time nominating him Apostolic Nuncio in Colombia. Cardinal Jean Villot, the then Secretary of State, conferred episcopal ordination on 13 December of the same year, during a solemn Eucharistic celebration in St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican.

About four years as pontifical representative, John Paul II nominated him on 5 May 1979 Substitute of the Secretariat of State, a position which he held until he was made a Cardinal. Tireless in his faithful service to the See of Peter, Archbishop Martínez Somalo was always beside John Paul II during his numerous apostolic pilgrimages in Italy and in the world.

President Delegate to the 1st Special Assembly for Europe of the Synod of Bishops (1991).

President Delegate to the 9th General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops on Consecrated Life (1994).

Prefect of the Congregation of Divine Worship and Sacraments, 1 July 1988 - 21 January 1992.

Prefect of the Congregation of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, 21 January 1992-11 February 2004.

Camerlengo (Chamberlain) of the Roman Holy Church, nominated 5 April 1993.

Curial membership:

Secretariat of State (second section)

Divine Worship and Sacraments, Causes of Saints, Bishops, Evangelization of Peoples, Clergy, Catholic Education (congregations)

Legislative Texts (council)

* Latin America, Institute for Works of Religion (commissions)

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 28 June 1988, of the Title of the Most Holy Name of Jesus (deaconry raised pro hac vice to presbyteral title on 9 January 1999).

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MARTINI Carlo Maria, S.I.

Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, Archbishop emeritus of Milan, (Italy) was born on 15 February 1927 in Turin. He entered the Society of Jesus on 25 September 1944 at the age of 17. He completed his studies in philosophy at the Jesuits House of Studies in Gallarate, in the province of Milan, and theology at the faculty of theology in Chieri, where he was ordained a priest on 13 July 1952 at only 25 years of age.

In 1958, he received his doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University, with a thesis entitled Il problema storico della Risurrezione. After some years of teaching at the faculty of Chieri he returned to Rome and earned a doctorate in Scripture at the Pontifical Biblical Institute, always summa cum laude, with a thesis on Il problema della recensionalità del codice B all luce del papiro Bodmer XIV. Dean of the Faculty of Scripture at the Biblical Institute, he became rector in 1969 to 1978 when he was nominated chancellor of the Pontifical Gregorian University, succeeding Father Carrier.

His became active in the scientific field by publishing various books and articles. One must remember that he was the only Catholic member of the ecumenical committee that prepared the new Greek edition of the New Testament. His books on spiritual exercises are very much appreciated for originality and style, adding new light to the traditional Ignatian model. Among these, Gli esercizi ignaziani alla luce di San Giovanni; L’itinerario spirituale dei Dodici nel Vangelo di San Marco; Gli esercizi ignaziani alla luce di San Matteo; Gli esercizi spirituali alla luce di San Luca; Vita di Mosé, vita di Gesù, esistenza pasquale. In 1978 Paul VI invited him to preach the annual retreat in the Vatican, where one of his predecessors in this exceptional ministry was Cardinal Karol Wojty?a, who became Pope John Paul II and elected him Archbishop of Milan on 29 December 1979 and personally consecrated him on 6 January 1980.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 2 February 1983. Titular church, St. Cecilia.

Relator of the 6th General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops (1983).

He was also president of the Council of the European Episcopal Conferences from 1986 until 15 April 1993.

5 October 1999, Doctor ad honorem from the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Awarded Prince des Asturies 2000 of Social Sciences, Spain, October 2000.

Awarded Europa dell’anno 2000, December 2000.

Member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, November 2000.

Archibishop emeritus of Milan, 11 July 2002.

Curial membership:

Oriental Churches, Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, Catholic Education (congregations)

Culture (council)

* Cultural Heritage of the Church (commission)

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MARTINO Renato Raffaele

Cardinal Renato Raffaele Martino, President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, was born on 23 November 1932 in Salerno, Italy. He was ordained a priest on 20 June 1957 and holds a doctorate in canon law.

He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962 and worked in the Nunciatures in Nicaragua, The Philippines, Lebanon, Canada and Brazil. Between 1970-75 Cardinal Martino served in the Secretariat of State. On 14 September 1980 he was appointed titular Archbishop and Nuncio in Thailand and Apostolic Delegate in Singapore, Malaysia, Laos and Brunei, and was consecrated on 14 December 1980 by the then Secretary of State, Cardinal Agostino Casaroli. In 1986 he was appointed Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in New York. In 1991 he founded the Path to Peace Foundation to further the Holy See’s mission at the U.N.

After 16 years of service as Permanent Observer of the Holy See to the U.N. Organization, in October 2002 he was appointed President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the Consistory of 21 October 2003, of the Deaconry of St. Francis of Paola ai Monti.

Curial membership:

* Evangelization of Peoples (congregation)

* Cor Unum (council)

* Patrimony of the Holy See (office)

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McCARRICK Theodore Edgar

Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick, Archbishop of Washington, USA, was born on 7 July 1930 in New York City, USA. He was ordained on 31 May 1958 for the Archdiocese of New York and holds a doctorate in sociology from the Catholic University of America, Washington.

He was dean of students and director of development at the Catholic University of America, and later served as president of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico, Ponce (1965-69). He was recalled to New York in 1969 and appointed associate secretary for education and personal secretary to Cardinal Terence Cooke.

On 24 May 1977 he was appointed titular Bishop of Rusibisir and Auxiliary of New York, receiving episcopal ordination on 29 June. On 19 November 1981 he was named the first Bishop of the new Diocese of Metuchen and on 30 May 1986 was promoted to Archbishop of Newark. His appointment as Archbishop of Washington was announced on 21 November 2000.

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 2001. Titular church Sts. Nereus and Achilleus.

Curial membership:

* Justice and Peace, Migrants and Itinerant Peoples, Christian Unity (councils)

* Latin America (commission)

* Patrimony of the Holy See (office)

* Special Council for America of the General Secretariat of the Synod of Bishops

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MEDINA ESTÉVEZ Jorge Arturo

Cardinal Jorge Arturo Medina Estévez, Prefect emeritus of the Congregation of Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments , was born on 23 December 1926 in Santiago de Chile, Chile.

In the same city he did his primary and secondary studies at the Liceo Alemán and prior to entering the seminary he attended the law faculty at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He also obtained a baccalaureate in arts and in biology. He entered the major seminary of Santiago and was ordained a priest on 12 June 1954.

In 1955 he received his doctorate in theology. Until 1965 he taught philosophy at the seminary and until 1994 theology at the faculty of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, where he also served for several years as dean. From 1974 to 1985, he was Pro-Grand Chancellor of the same university.

For many years he was canon penitentiary of the metropolitan cathedral of Santiago, and also judge of the ecclesiastical tribunal of Santiago.

He served as a peritus at Vatican Council II. He was later a member of the International Theological Commission and the drafting commission for the Catechism of the Catholic Church.

On 18 December 1984 he was elected titular Bishop of Tibili and at the same time nominated Auxiliary of Rancagua. He was ordained by John Paul II at St. Peter’s Basilica on the Epiphany of 1985.

In 1986 he was nominated Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Rancagua and on 25 November 1987 he became Bishop. Then on 16 April 1993, he was appointed Bishop of Valparaíso.

In 1992 the Pope nominated him Secretary General of the IV General Conference of Latin American Bishops, celebrated 12-28 October in Santo Domingo. In 1993 he preached the Holy Father’s Lenten retreat.

He is the author of many works: books, theological-pastoral booklets and articles on ecclesiological themes, spirituality and canon law.

His renowned participation in Vatican Council II had earned him in 1996 a honoris causa doctorate from the Notre Dame University in Indiana and, due to his teachings and publications, he received a Doctor Scientiae et honoris causa from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. He was also nominated Chaplain ad honorem of the Sovereign Military Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta.

On 21 June 1996 John Paul II appointed him Pro-prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments. That same day he resigned as bishop of the diocese of Valparaíso and on 19 September 1996 was nominated Archbishop.

Prefect of the Congregation of Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments, 23 February 1998.

Prefect emeritus of the Congregation of Divine Workship and Discipline of the Sacraments, 1 October 2002.

Curial membership:

Clergy, Doctrine of the Faith, Bishops (congregations)

Family (council)

* Latin America, Ecclesia Dei (commissions)

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the Consistory of 21 February 1998, of the Deaconry of San Saba (Protodeacon as of 24 February 2005).

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MEISNER Joachim

Cardinal Joachim Meisner, Archbishop of Cologne , was born on 25 December 1933 in Breslau, Silesia, Germany (present-day Wroclaw, Poland).

Having entered the seminary of Erfurt, he received a doctorate in theology. He was ordained a priest on 22 December 1962 and was made co-pastor of St. Giles Parish, Heiligenstadt and of Holy Cross, Erfurt. He was also the diocesan director of Caritas.

On 17 March 1975 he was elected titular Bishop of Vina and Auxiliary to Mons. Hugo Aufderbeck, Apostolic Administrator of Erfurt, East Germany. He was consecrated on 17 May 1975.

As Auxiliary Bishop of Erfurt, he signed the first agreement between Church and State based on the Democratic German Republic’s Constitution of 1963.

In December 1976, the members of the Bishops’ Conference of Berlin elected him as their representative to the Fourth Synod of Bishops, held at the Vatican in 1977.

In Rome, he once again met Cardinal Wojty?a, whom he had come to know two years previously. In 1975 the Archbishop of Krakow, Cardinal Wojty?a, had taken part in a pilgrimage of Catholics from Thuringia and Eichsfeld to Erfurt. On this occasion he heard the homily of the Auxiliary Bishop of Erfurt, which expressed the theme of the pilgrimage: Spiritual renewal to change the world.

Intense and fruitful in his work within the territory of the apostolic administration permanenter constituta of Erfurt-Meiningen, on 22 April 1980 John Paul II appointed him Bishop of Berlin. A particular diocese, which consisted of the eastern and western parts of the city, including the surrounding countryside scattered with small parishes and communities.

He was also President of the Bishops’ Conference of Berlin, 1982-1989.

Created an proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 2 February 1983. Titular church, St. Prudenziana.

On 20 December 1988 he was promoted to Archbishop of Cologne.

President Delegate of the Second Special Assembly for Europe of the Synod of Bishops (1-23 October 1999).

Curial membership:

Divine Worship and Sacraments, Bishops, Clergy (congregations)

Legislative texts (council)

Economic Affairs of the Holy See (office)

* Council of Cardinals for Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See

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MURPHY-O’CONNOR Cormac

Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, Archbishop of Westminster, Great Britain, was born on 24 August 1932 in Reading, Great Britain. He was ordained for the Diocese of Portsmouth on 28 October 1956 and holds licentiates in philosophy and theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome.

He served as a curate in Portsmouth and Fareham, and was director of vocations and secretary to then-Bishop Derek Worlock. He was later parish priest of Immaculate Conception, Southampton, for a year before being named rector of the Venerable English College, Rome (1971-77).

On 17 November 1977 he was appointed Bishop of Arundel and Brighton, and received episcopal ordination on 21 December.

From 1982 to 2000 he was co-chairman of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC) and also served as chairman of several committees of the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales.

His promotion to Archbishop of Westminster was announced on 15 February 2000.

Presently, he is President of the Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales and Vice President of the Council of European Bishops’ Conference (CCEE).

Created and proclaimed Cardinal by John Paul II in the consistory of 21 February 2001. Titular church, Holy Mary above Minerva.

Curial membership:

* Divine Worship and Sacraments (congregation)

* Family, Culture, Christian Unity (councils)

* Cultural Heritage (commission)

* Vox Clara (committee)

* Patrimony of the Holy See (office)

* Council of Cardinals for the Study of Organizational and Economic Affairs of the Holy See

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